I ran in to:
Synchronization for Shared Services Provider ‘[your shared service provider]‘ has failed. The operation will be retried.
Reason: Collection was modified; enumeration operation may not execute.
And to solve it I did the following:
stsadm -o sync -listolddatabases 1
This gives us a list of databases that has not been syncronized for 1 day. You can change the values if you want to check further back in time.
stsadm -o sync -deleteolddatabases 1
This sounds scary right but it actually just deletes the record to the databases.
Restart the Windows SharePoint Timer Service
stsadm -o execadmsvcjobs
Hope it might help someone to quicker solve the issue.